e-ISSN: 3107-6203

Author: Juan Camilo Rodríguez Martínez 

Instituto Colombiano de Etnomicología – Ave. Calle 100 # 64-51 111211, Bogotá, Colombia.

Email: sociedadcolombianademicologia@yahoo.com

Abstract

The ritual use of neurotropic mushrooms by pre-Hispanic indigenous cultures of Colombia has attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Ethnohistorical and archaeological interpretations have proposed the ceremonial use of psychoactive fungi among several indigenous groups, including the Muisca, Tayrona, Quimbaya, Zenú, and related cultures. Parallel to this historical inquiry, modern biomedical research has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of mushrooms, particularly psilocybin-producing taxa for neuropsychiatric disorders, and medicinal species such as Ganoderma lucidum and Hericium erinaceus for cancer, metabolic disorders, and neuroprotection. These developments raise the question of whether ancient cultures recognized and utilized the medicinal and psychoactive properties of fungi. This paper explores the possible use of mushrooms by pre-Hispanic indigenous populations inhabiting the Calima Valley and surrounding regions of present-day Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Archaeological evidence indicates continuous human occupation of the region from approximately 7700 BC, with pottery traditions dating to around 1500 BC. Although formerly attributed to a single “Calima” culture, subsequent research has identified at least three distinct cultural phases: the Ilama (until ~100 AD), the Yotoco (200 BC–1300 AD), and the Sonso (from the 7th century AD through the period of Spanish contact), the latter likely corresponding to the population referred to as the Yacos in 17th century Spanish accounts. By integrating archaeological chronology with comparative ethnohistorical and ethnomycological perspectives, this study proposes that mushroom use may have formed part of the ritual and medicinal practices of these pre-Hispanic societies.

Keywords: Calima, Colombia, Entheogens, Ethnomycology, Goldsmithing, Psilocybin Mushrooms. 

Document Type: Review Article

Citation:  Rodriguez Martinez, J.C. (2026). The Calima Mushroom Mystery: Ethno-mycological possibilities among the pre-Hispanic indigenous tribes that inhabited the Valle del Cauca territories in Colombia, South America. Mycological Spectrum 2(1):76-93. 

Received: 24 January 2026 | Accepted: 10 February 2026 | Published: 16 February 2026.  

Handling Editor: Dr. Sunil K. Deshmukh | Reviewers: Dr. Michael Winkelman & Dr. K.R. Sridhar.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.64993/MS.2.1.5